Association of biomarkers with successful ventilatory weaning in COVID-19 patients: an observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of biomarkers with successful ventilatory weaning in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: An observational, retrospective, and single-center study was conducted between March 2020 and April 2021. C-reactive protein, total lymphocytes, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were evaluated during attrition and extubation, and the variation in these biomarker values was measured. The primary outcome was successful extubation. ROC curves were drawn to find the best cutoff points for the biomarkers based on sensitivity and specificity. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 2,377 patients admitted to the intensive care unit, 458 were included in the analysis, 356 in the Successful Weaning Group and 102 in the Failure Group. The cutoff points found from the ROC curves were -62.4% for C-reactive protein, +45.7% for total lymphocytes, and -32.9% for neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. These points were significantly associated with greater extubation success. In the multivariate analysis, only C-reactive protein variation remained statistically significant (OR 2.6; 95%CI 1.51 - 4.5; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this study, a decrease in C-reactive protein levels was associated with successful extubation in COVID-19 patients. Total lymphocytes and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio did not maintain the association after multivariate analysis. However, a decrease in C-reactive protein levels should not be used as a sole variable to identify COVID-19 patients suitable for weaning; as in our study, the area under the ROC curve demonstrated poor accuracy in discriminating extubation outcomes, with low sensitivity and specificity.

Age is the most important factor for change in body mass index and waist circumference in older people in southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the changes in body mass index and waist circumference (WC) and their associations with sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics in non-institutionalized older people in southern Brazil over a period of ≤6 y. METHODS: This is a prospective study, with interviews conducted in 2014 and in 2019 to 2020. Of the 1451 individuals from Pelotas, Brazil, aged >60 y and interviewed in 2014, 537 were reevaluated in 2019 to 2020. An increase or decrease was defined as a variation of ≥5% in body mass index and WC in the second visit compared with the first. The association with changes in outcomes was assessed according to sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Approximately 29% of the older participants lost body mass. Regarding WC, there was an increase in 25.6% in the older participants. The older participants ages ≥80 y had greater odds of losing body mass (odds ratio [OR] = 4.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.29-9.76) and of reducing WC (OR = 2.84; 95% CI, 1.59-6.94). Former smokers had, on average, 41% and 64% lower odds of losing and gaining body mass (95% CI, 0.37-0.95 and 95% CI, 0.19-0.68, respectively), and those who were on ≥5 medications had greater odds of gaining body mass (OR = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.12-3.28) and WC (OR = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.18-2.74). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high proportion of older people who kept their body mass index and WC stable during this period, many of them lost body mass and gained WC. The findings also highlighted the importance of age in the nutritional changes observed in the population.

COVID-19-Induced Fatal Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in a Healthy Young Patient.

Since the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began, findings indicate that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) might induce autoimmune disorders. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a devastating disease if not emergently treated. It presents with severe thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and neurologic findings with or without renal insufficiency. The antibody-mediated reduced activity of the disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13) induces the accumulation of ultrahigh-molecular-weight multimers of von Willebrand factor, leading to platelet aggregation and thrombosis. TTP can be an unusual presentation of COVID-19 disease mediated by the virus-induced immune response. We report a case of a healthy young patient presenting with the classic TTP pentad a few days after a diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test. The patient was initially treated with high-dose methylprednisolone and fresh frozen plasma until she was transferred to a tertiary care facility and plasma exchange was available. She evolved with a malignant ischemic vascular accident and was declared brain-dead 24 hours after the first plasma exchange section.

Mortalidade carcerária em tempos de COVID-19 e a ineficiência do Estado na efetivação do direito à saúde / Prison mortality in times of COVID-19 and the inefficiency of the state in the enforcement of right to health / Mortalidad carcelaria en la época del COVID-19 y la ineficiencia del estado en la eficacia del derechoa la salud

Objetivo: investigar os índices de mortalidade carcerária em razão da COVID-19, partindo de dados estatísticos oficiais e analisar a ineficiência do estado na efetivação do direito à saúde. Metodologia: foi utilizado o método dedutivo, fundamentado na técnica da investigação bibliográfica, com coleta de dados estatísticos e revisão narrativa de obras teóricas, de artigos científicos, da legislação brasileira, e de estudos na área da criminologia crítica, que revelam a crueldade do cárcere. Resultados: as condições de confinamento a que ficam expostas as pessoas encarceradas no Brasil são de superlotação, falta de ventilação e falta de higiene, o que pode ser uma grande fonte de contaminação por doenças contagiosas, potencializando o risco à saúde e à vida. Conclusão: o estudo expõe a vulnerabilidade de indivíduos encarcerados e a necessidade de que a normatização e as decisões judiciais visem à efetivação do direito à saúde e que o Estado seja responsabilizado pelas mortes, por ser omisso nas suas responsabilidades legais.

Objective: to investigate prison mortality rates due to COVID-19, based on official statistical data and analyze the state ́s inefficiency in realizing the right to health. on how the penal system is facing one of the worst pandemics ever faced by humanity. Methods: the method used was deductive, based on the technique of bibliographic research, with collection of statistical data, records of works, scientific articles, Brazilian legislation, as well as studies in critical criminology, which reveal the cruelty of prison. Results: the conditions of confinement to which people incarcerated in Brazil are exposed are overcrowding, lack of ventilation and poor hygiene, which can be a major source of contamination by contagious diseases, increasing the risk to health and life. Conclusion: the contributions of the study indicate the vulnerability of incarcerated individuals and the need for the regulation and judicial decisions to be designed with a view the realization of the right to health and that the state be held responsible for their death when it fails to fulfill itslegal responsibilities.

Objetivo: investigar las tasas de mortalidad carcelaria por COVID-19, con base en datos estadísticos oficiales y analizar la ineficiencia del estado en la realización del derecho a la salud. res pandemias jamás enfrentadas por la humanidad. Metodología:el método utilizado fue deductivo, basado en la técnica de investigación bibliográfica, con recolección de datos estadísticos, registros de trabajos, artículos científicos, legislación brasileña, así como estudios en el área de criminología crítica, que revelan la crueldad de prisión. Resultados: las condiciones de confinamiento a las que están expuestas las personas encarceladas en Brasil son el hacinamiento, la falta de ventilación y la falta de higiene, que pueden ser una fuente importante de contaminación por enfermedades contagiosas, aumentando el riesgo para la saludy la vida. Conclusión: los aportes del estudio indican la vulnerabilidad de las personas encarceladas y la necesidad de que la regulación y las decisiones judiciales sean delineadas con miras a la realización del derecho a la salud y que el estado sea responsable por su muerte cuando no cumple con sus responsabilidades legales.

Excess Weight and Dental Caries throughout Childhood and Adolescence: Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze existing scientific evidence on the longitudinal association between overweight/obesity and dental caries in children and adolescents and indicate possible gaps in the literature to guide future studies. Study design: A systematic search of the literature was performed for the identification of longitudinal studies on this issue. The search strategy included words related to the outcome (dental caries), exposure (overweight/obesity), population (children and adolescents), and study design (longitudinal) of interest. Searches were performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) databases. The risk of bias in the studies was appraised using the tool for the critical analysis of cohort studies proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Results: Among the 400 studies retrieved from the databases, only seven met the inclusion criteria and were selected to compose the present review. Five of the studies had a low risk of bias, but all had methodological flaws. As the studies reported different findings, the association between obesity and dental caries continues to be undefined. Moreover, there is a lack of well-designed studies on this issue with standardized methods to enable comparisons. Conclusion: Future studies should consider longitudinal designs, more precise diagnostic methods for obesity and dental caries, as well as the rigorous control of confounding factors and effect modifiers. How to cite this article: Silveira MG, Schneider BC, Tillmann TF, et al. Excess Weight and Dental Caries throughout Childhood and Adolescence: Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(6):691-698.

Prevalência de aleitamento materno e fatores associados entre mães adolescentes de Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais / Prevalence of breastfeeding and associated factors among adolescent mothers of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais

Introdução: O aleitamento materno (AM) é recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde de forma exclusiva até seis meses de vida e complementado até ≥2 anos. Para as nutrizes, a amamentação oferece benefícios como proteção para diabetes tipo II, retorno mais rápido ao peso pré-gestacional e aumento do espaçamento entre gestações. Entretanto, a prevalência da amamentação no Brasil (2013) foi de apenas 56%, sendo a adolescência fator de risco para a não amamentação e o desmame precoce. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de AM aos quatro meses após o parto e seus fatores associados entre mães adolescentes do município de Governador Valadares, MG. Material e Métodos: Estudo transversal, parte de pesquisa intitulada "Consumo alimentar de gestantes adolescentes e retenção de peso pós-parto: um estudo de coorte". Realizou-se um censo abrangendo todas as puérperas adolescentes (idade <20 anos) residentes no município que tiveram seu parto nas três maternidades locais entre outubro de 2018 e outubro de 2019. A coleta de dados ocorreu por questionário nas primeiras 48 horas pós-parto e no 4º mês pós-parto. Os dados foram analisados no software Stata®16.1. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 367 mães (taxa de resposta 98,6%) com idade média de 17,6 anos (±1,57). Quatro meses após o parto realizou-se visita domiciliar, compreendendo 317 mães. Destas, 75,4% mantiveram a amamentação e somente 25,9% ofereciam exclusivamente leite materno. Conclusão: Verifica-se que, apesar da elevada intenção de amamentar, há baixa prevalência de AM exclusivo ao 4º mês pós-parto. Menor escolaridade, tabagismo, menor idade materna e trabalhar fora de casa apresentaram-se como fatores de risco para menor tempo de manutenção do AM. Deve-se considerar que a lactação é envolta por grande carga emocional e, na adolescência, somam-se outros fatores psicológicos, fisiológicos e inexperiência para lidar com a maternidade, sendo necessária uma forte rede de apoio profissional durante os períodos pré-natal, parto e pós-parto

Introduction: The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding (BF) for the first six months of life and continued breastfeeding with complementary foods for up to ≥2 years. For nursing mothers, breastfeeding offers benefits such as protection against type II diabetes, faster return to pre-pregnancy weight and increased spacing between pregnancies. However, the prevalence of breastfeeding in Brazil (2013) was only 56%, with adolescence being a risk factor for non-breastfeeding and early weaning. Objective: Analyze the prevalence of BF at four months after delivery and its associated factors among adolescent mothers in the city of Governador Valadares, MG. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study, part of a research entitled "Food consumption of pregnant adolescents and postpartum weight retention: a cohort study". A census was carried out covering all adolescent mothers (age <20 years) residing in the city who gave birth in the three local maternity hospitals between 10/2018 and 10/2019. Data were obtained through a questionnaire in the first 48h postpartum and in the 4th month postpartum. Data were analyzed using Stata®16.1 software. Results: 367 mothers were interviewed (response rate 98.6%) with a mean age of 17.6 years (±1.57). Four months after birth, of 317 interviewed mothers, 75.4% maintained breastfeeding, and only 25.9% offered exclusively breast milk. Conclusion: Despite the high intention to breastfeed, there is a low prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at the 4th month postpartum. Less education, smoking, young maternal age and working out were risk factors for a shorter duration of BF maintenance. It should be considered that lactation is surrounded by a great emotional charge and, in adolescence, there are other psychological, physiological factors and inexperience to deal with the maternity, requiring a strong professional support network during the prenatal periods, childbirth and postpartum

NCD behavioral risk factors and mortality among older adults in Brazil.

BACKGROUNDS & AIMS: Literature shows that the most studied concurrent risk factors for mortality in elderly individuals are smoking, inadequate diet, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity. The combination of such habits can increase from 3 to 11 times the chance of death. To measure the association between concurrence of behavioral risk factors (BRF) for non-communicable diseases (NCD's) and mortality up to three years among the elderly. METHODS: Cohort study started in 2014 named "COMO VAI?" with community-dwelling aged ≥60 years in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We investigated the deaths from all causes occurred until April 2017. The exposure was defined by the presence of physical inactivity, low-quality diet, alcohol consumption and smoking that composed a score ranging from 0 (none) to 4 (all). Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the association between BRF concurrence and mortality. RESULTS: In 2014, 1451 elderly people were interviewed, 145 deaths were identified (10%) by April 2017. Higher risk of death was observed for the combinations of physical inactivity + smoking and low-quality diet + physical inactivity. The simultaneous presence of three or more BRF was associated with a nearly six-fold higher risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: Higher mortality during a 3-year period was observed among those with at least three BRF for NCD's.

[Behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Southern Brazil]. / Fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares entre adolescentes da zona rural de um município do Sul do Brasil.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and factors associated with their accumulation in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional school-based census-type study with a sample of 515 sixth to nineth-grade schoolchildren in 21 rural public schools in Pelotas. The target behavioral risk factors were: physical inactivity; irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens; initiation to alcohol consumption and smoking; and addition of salt to foods. The study outcome was the cluster score of behavioral risk factors, varying from 0 to 3: no behavioral risk factors for CVD or exposure to 1, 2, or ≥ 3 behavioral risk factors. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to assess the effect adjusted for individual characteristics on the accumulation of behavioral risk factors, using as the reference category individuals without any risk factor. Physical inactivity was the most prevalent risk factor (74.8%), followed by irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (56.2%). Approximately 42% of the adolescents presented two behavioral risk factors, the most prevalent combination of which was physical inactivity and irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (23%). The odds of accumulating two or more behavioral risk factors increased with age. The presence and simultaneity of behavioral risk factors is quite high among adolescents from the rural area of Pelotas, showing that they are exposed to the development of CVD. Interventions are needed to prevent the simultaneous occurrence of these risk factors.

O estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência de fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e fatores associados ao seu acúmulo entre adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudo transversal, do tipo censo de base escolar, com amostra de 515 estudantes matriculados do 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental das 21 escolas municipais rurais de Pelotas. Os fatores de risco comportamentais investigados foram: inatividade física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras; experimentação de álcool e tabaco; e adição de sal à comida. O desfecho do estudo foi o escore de aglomeração de fatores de risco comportamentais variando de 0 a 3: nenhum fator de risco comportamental para DCV ou exposição a 1, 2 ou ≥ 3 fatores de risco comportamentais. Realizou-se regressão logística ordinal para avaliar o efeito ajustado das características individuais sobre o acúmulo de fatores de risco comportamentais, tendo como categoria de referência os indivíduos sem qualquer fator de risco. A inatividade física foi o fator de risco mais prevalente (74,8%), seguido do consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente 42% dos adolescentes apresentaram dois fatores de risco comportamentais, sendo a combinação inatividade física e consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras a mais prevalente (23%). As chances de acumular dois ou mais fatores de risco comportamentais aumentou com a idade. A presença de fatores de risco comportamentais, bem como a simultaneidade destes é bastante elevada entre os adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, evidenciando que eles estão expostos ao desenvolvimento de DCV. São necessárias intervenções preventivas de ocorrência simultânea desses fatores.

El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales para enfermedades cardiovasculares (DCV por sus siglas en portugués) y factores asociados a su acumulación entre adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudio transversal, tipo censo de base escolar, con muestra de 515 escolares matriculados del 6º al 9º año de Enseñanza Fundamental de las 21 escuelas municipales rurales de Pelotas. Los factores de riesgo comportamentales investigados fueron: inactividad física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras; experimentación de alcohol y tabaco y adición de sal a la comida. El resultado del estudio fue la puntuación de aglomeración de factores de riesgo comportamentales, variando de 0 a 3: ningún factores de riesgo comportamentales para DCV o exposición a 1, 2 o ≥ 3 factores de riesgo comportamentales. Se realizó regresión logística ordinal, para evaluar el efecto ajustado de las características individuales sobre el acúmulo de factores de riesgo comportamentales, teniendo como categoría de referencia los individuos sin cualquier factor de riesgo. La inactividad física fue el factor de riesgo más prevalente (74,8%), seguido del consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente un 42% de los adolescentes presentaron dos factores de riesgo comportamentales, siendo la combinación inactividad física y consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras la más prevalente (23%). Las oportunidades de acumular dos o más factores de riesgo comportamentales aumentaron con la edad. La presencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales, así como la simultaneidad de estos es bastante elevada entre los adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, evidenciando que ellos están expuestos al desarrollo de DCV. Son necesarias intervenciones preventivas para la ocurrencia simultánea de estos factores.

Prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health in young adults: A birth cohort from southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) aims at primordial prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the population. However, there is a lack of research describing ICH in youth from middle-income countries. The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of ICH at 18- and 22-year-old and to investigate the influence of socioeconomic status. METHODS: The sample consisted of participants from the Pelotas 1993 birth-cohort followed-up at 18- (n = 4,106) and 22-year-old (n = 3,810). Ideal metrics were created for diet, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and blood glucose. The presence of 4 or more ideal metrics was defined as ICH. Socioeconomic status was obtained using wealth quintiles calculated with factor analysis based on analysis based on the ownership of household and education. The impact of socioeconomic status on ICH metrics was statistically measured using the slope index of inequality. RESULTS: The prevalence of ICH was 84.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 82.7-86.2%) and 84.1% (82.3-85.8%) at 18-year-old and decreased to 61.1% (58.4-63.7%) and 68.7% (66.2-71.2%) at 22-years old, for male and female, respectively. Socioeconomic status influenced ICH and its components differently in males and females. Wealthiest females had ICH prevalence 19 percentage points (pp) (11-27 pp) higher compared to the poorest, whereas poorest males had ICH prevalence 12 pp (1-21 pp) higher compared to the wealthiest. Longitudinal decreases in ICH components were mostly present in the poorest females. CONCLUSIONS: In middle-income countries, the prevalence of ICH is high at 18-year-old and decreases in a 4-year follow-up. Socioeconomic status influences differently individuals' ICH between sexes. Efforts are needed to maintain ICH in youth and different strategies may be required between the social status.

Gestational weight gain and childhood body mass index across three generations: Results from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Gestational weight gain (GWG) has been associated with the accumulation of body fat in offspring, but little is known about the intergenerational relationship. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of GWG in grandmothers and mothers on the child's body mass index (BMI). METHODS: This is a sub-study nested in the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort at 22 years follow-up visit. We calculated the BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ) and evaluated overweight (>2 SD in ≤5 years of age and >1 SD for >5 years of age for BAZ). Grandmothers' and mothers' GWG were calculated as the difference between weight in the beginning of pregnancy and the last recorded weight before delivery. We standardized the GWG by adjusting for pre-gestational BMI. We also categorized GWG as adequate, excessive, or insufficient, in accordance with the Institute of Medicine (2009). Linear and logistic regressions stratified by child's age (≤2 years; 2.01-5 years; >5 years) were used. Structural equations were modelled to calculate the total, indirect, and direct effects of grandmothers' and mothers' GWG on children's BAZ. RESULTS: Nine hundred and forty-six out of 1113 children evaluated were 5 years of age or under. There was an indirect effect (through maternal birthweight, maternal pre-gestational BMI, maternal GWG, and child birthweight) of grandmother GWG on grandchild BAZ, from 2.01 to 5 years of age [ß = 0.12 95% CI: 0.04-0.20 (P < 0.01)]. Maternal GWG directly increased the child's BAZ at >5 years of age [ß = 0.34 95% CI: 0.15-0.53 (P < 0.001)]. CONCLUSIONS: GWG's effect on BMI does seem to be transmitted across three generations. Managing this will require health education during the gestational period for women and their families.

Relative validity of a computer-based semi-quantitative FFQ for use in the Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Studies.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative validity of a FFQ developed for the Pelotas Birth Cohort Studies. DESIGN: Participants completed a ninety-two-food-item FFQ and then answered two 24-h recalls (24HR), one in-person interview and a second one by telephone, administered 14-28 d apart. Median and relative differences of energy, fifteen nutrients and eleven food groups were estimated based on the FFQ and the average of two 24HR. Nutrients were log-transformed and energy-adjusted using residual method. Validity was assessed by crude, energy-adjusted and de-attenuated Pearson and Lin's concordance correlation coefficients. Agreement of quartiles and weighted κ were performed. Differences in energy and nutrient estimations between methods were plotted in Bland-Altman graphs. SETTING: Pelotas, southern Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred fifty-four participants randomly selected from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort during the 22-year follow-up (2015). RESULTS: The FFQ overestimated energy and most nutrients and food groups compared with the two 24HR. Energy-adjusted and de-attenuated Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0·21 to 0·66. The highest energy-adjusted and de-attenuated concordance correlation coefficients were observed for Ca (0·48), niacin (0·32), Na (0·29), vitamin C (0·28) and riboflavin (0·25). The percentage of nutrients classified into the same and opposite quartiles ranged from 36·5 to 60·3 %, and from 4·8 to 19·1 %, respectively. Weighted κ was moderate for Ca (0·51), beans and legumes (0·50) and milk and dairies (0·49). CONCLUSIONS: The FFQ provides a reasonable dietary intake assessment for habitual food consumption. However, the relative validity was weak for specific nutrients and food groups.

Influence of maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status on offspring anthropometric measurements and body composition in three Brazilian Birth Cohorts.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed at evaluating the association of maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status with offspring anthropometry and body composition. We also evaluated whether these associations were modified by gender, diet and physical activity and mediated by birth weight. DESIGN: Birth cohort study. SETTING: Waist circumference was measured with an inextensible tape, and fat and lean mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for possible confounders and allele score of BMI. We carried out mediation analysis using G-formula. PARTICIPANTS: In 1982, 1993 and 2004, all maternity hospitals in Pelotas (South Brazil) were visited daily and all live births whose families lived in the urban area of the city were evaluated. These subjects have been followed up at different ages. RESULTS: Offspring of obese mothers had on average higher BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index than those of normal weight mothers, and these differences were higher among daughters. The magnitudes of the association were similar in the cohorts, except for height, where the association pattern was not clear. In the 1982 cohort, further adjustment for a BMI allele score had no material influence on the magnitude of the associations. Mediation analyses showed that birth weight captured part of this association. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status is positively associated with offspring BMI and adiposity in offspring. And this association is higher among daughters whose mother was overweight or obese and, birth weight explains part of this association.

Fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares entre adolescentes da zona rural de um município do Sul do Brasil / Behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Southern Brazil / Factores de riesgo comportamentales para enfermedades cardiovasculares entre adolescentes de la zona rural de un municipio del sur de Brasil

O estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência de fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e fatores associados ao seu acúmulo entre adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudo transversal, do tipo censo de base escolar, com amostra de 515 estudantes matriculados do 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental das 21 escolas municipais rurais de Pelotas. Os fatores de risco comportamentais investigados foram: inatividade física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras; experimentação de álcool e tabaco; e adição de sal à comida. O desfecho do estudo foi o escore de aglomeração de fatores de risco comportamentais variando de 0 a 3: nenhum fator de risco comportamental para DCV ou exposição a 1, 2 ou ≥ 3 fatores de risco comportamentais. Realizou-se regressão logística ordinal para avaliar o efeito ajustado das características individuais sobre o acúmulo de fatores de risco comportamentais, tendo como categoria de referência os indivíduos sem qualquer fator de risco. A inatividade física foi o fator de risco mais prevalente (74,8%), seguido do consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente 42% dos adolescentes apresentaram dois fatores de risco comportamentais, sendo a combinação inatividade física e consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras a mais prevalente (23%). As chances de acumular dois ou mais fatores de risco comportamentais aumentou com a idade. A presença de fatores de risco comportamentais, bem como a simultaneidade destes é bastante elevada entre os adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, evidenciando que eles estão expostos ao desenvolvimento de DCV. São necessárias intervenções preventivas de ocorrência simultânea desses fatores.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and factors associated with their accumulation in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional school-based census-type study with a sample of 515 sixth to nineth-grade schoolchildren in 21 rural public schools in Pelotas. The target behavioral risk factors were: physical inactivity; irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens; initiation to alcohol consumption and smoking; and addition of salt to foods. The study outcome was the cluster score of behavioral risk factors, varying from 0 to 3: no behavioral risk factors for CVD or exposure to 1, 2, or ≥ 3 behavioral risk factors. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to assess the effect adjusted for individual characteristics on the accumulation of behavioral risk factors, using as the reference category individuals without any risk factor. Physical inactivity was the most prevalent risk factor (74.8%), followed by irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (56.2%). Approximately 42% of the adolescents presented two behavioral risk factors, the most prevalent combination of which was physical inactivity and irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (23%). The odds of accumulating two or more behavioral risk factors increased with age. The presence and simultaneity of behavioral risk factors is quite high among adolescents from the rural area of Pelotas, showing that they are exposed to the development of CVD. Interventions are needed to prevent the simultaneous occurrence of these risk factors.

El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales para enfermedades cardiovasculares (DCV por sus siglas en portugués) y factores asociados a su acumulación entre adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudio transversal, tipo censo de base escolar, con muestra de 515 escolares matriculados del 6º al 9º año de Enseñanza Fundamental de las 21 escuelas municipales rurales de Pelotas. Los factores de riesgo comportamentales investigados fueron: inactividad física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras; experimentación de alcohol y tabaco y adición de sal a la comida. El resultado del estudio fue la puntuación de aglomeración de factores de riesgo comportamentales, variando de 0 a 3: ningún factores de riesgo comportamentales para DCV o exposición a 1, 2 o ≥ 3 factores de riesgo comportamentales. Se realizó regresión logística ordinal, para evaluar el efecto ajustado de las características individuales sobre el acúmulo de factores de riesgo comportamentales, teniendo como categoría de referencia los individuos sin cualquier factor de riesgo. La inactividad física fue el factor de riesgo más prevalente (74,8%), seguido del consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente un 42% de los adolescentes presentaron dos factores de riesgo comportamentales, siendo la combinación inactividad física y consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras la más prevalente (23%). Las oportunidades de acumular dos o más factores de riesgo comportamentales aumentaron con la edad. La presencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales, así como la simultaneidad de estos es bastante elevada entre los adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, evidenciando que ellos están expuestos al desarrollo de DCV. Son necesarias intervenciones preventivas para la ocurrencia simultánea de estos factores.

A população em situação de rua e o HIV: uma revisão integrativa / Street population and HIV: an integrative review

Existem 100 milhões de pessoas em situação de rua no mundo. Nessa população há alta prevalência de infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), devido a vários fatores que aumentam o risco de transmissão e contágio para esses indivíduos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo revisar publicações científicas que abordem a infecção pelo vírus HIV na população em situação de rua. Foi realizada revisão integrativa por meio de publicações obtidas no PubMed. Foram usados os seguintes descritores: "homeless population" AND "HIV infection". Foram obtidos 26 artigos inicialmente. Com aplicação dos fatores de exclusão foram descartados 11 trabalhos, obtendo-se o número final de 15 artigos. Em conclusão, a partir dessa revisão foi possível que existem pouco dados disponíveis sobre a relação do HIV com a população em situação de rua, visto que outras IST estavam sob maior enfoque. Mas, verificou-se que essa população é bastante vulnerável a infecções por HIV devido aos fatores de risco e à baixa adesão ao tratamento.

There are 100 million homeless people in the world. In this population, there is a high prevalence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), due to several factors that increase the risk of transmission and contagion for these individuals. This study aimed to review scientific publications that address HIV infection in the homeless population. An integrative review was performed using publications obtained from PubMed. The following descriptors were used: "homeless population" AND "HIV infection". Initially, 26 articles were obtained. With the application of exclusion factors, 11 studies were discarded, resulting in the final number of 15 articles. In conclusion, from this review it was possible that there is little data available on the relationship between HIV and the homeless population, since other STIs were under greater focus. But, it was found that this population is quite vulnerable to HIV infections due to risk factors and low adherence to treatment.

Longitudinal Association Between Diet Quality and Asthma Symptoms in Early Adult Life in a Brazilian Birth Cohort.

BACKGROUND: The role of diet in the etiology of asthma is still inconclusive. This paper evaluated the longitudinal association between diet quality and chest wheezing in young adults. METHODS: This is a longitudinal study with follow-up information from 18- and 22-year-olds (18y and 22y) of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort. Chest wheezing occurrence and number of events in the last year were reported at 22y. Diet quality was measured with a revised version of the Healthy Eating Index (IQD-R) for the Brazilian population at 18y and 22y by food frequency questionnaire referring to the last 12 months. The diet quality continuity was classified as good (always 1st IQD-R tertile), intermediate (always 2nd tertile/change tertile) and poor (always 3rd tertile). RESULTS: A total of 2986 young individuals were evaluated; 51.4% were female. Prevalence of wheezing at 22y was 10.1% (95% CI: 9.1-11.2), and of these patients, 10% reported at least one event in the past year. Better IQD-R score, both at 18y and at 22y, the lower the odds of wheezing in the past year. Regarding the diet quality continuity from 18y to 22y, staying on a poor diet increased by more than three-fold the odds of chest wheezing (OR=3.28; 95% CI: 1.84-5.84) and of wheezing events (OR=3.32; 95% CI: 1.89-5.85) compared to staying on a good diet, after adjustment for confounding variables. CONCLUSION: The overall quality of the diet seems to be more important than the individual components in the effect on asthma symptoms. Low-quality diet persistence increased the odds of chest wheezing and the number of events.

Introduction to complementary feeding in the first year of life and risk of overweight at 24 months of age: changes from 2004 to 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohorts.

Complementary feeding (CF) and overweight relationships during early childhood are inconsistent in the literature. We described the association of CF during the first year of life with risk of overweight at 24 months of age in the population-based 2004 and 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohorts (2004c and 2015c). CF introduction was evaluated at the 3 and 12 months' follow-ups by asking mothers using a list of foods. Risk of overweight at 24 months of age was BMI-for-age z-score above +1sd from the median of the WHO 2006 growth standards. Our analyses included 3823 (2004c) and 3689 (2015c) children. Early introduction CF (before 6 months of age) prevalence in 2004c was 93·3 (95 % CI 92·5, 94·1) % and in 2015c was 87·2 (95 % CI 86·1, 88·2) %. Tea was the item introduced earlier in both 2004c (68·8 %) and 2015c (55·7 %). At 6 months of age, vegetable mash was the most introduced food in 2004c (33·5 %) and 2015c (47·9 %). Between 2004c and 2015c, the introduction of fresh milk decreased 82·1 to 60·5 % and yogurt from 94·4 to 78·1 % during the first year. Risk of overweight prevalence at 24 months was 33·0 (95 % CI 31·6, 34·5) % in 2004c and 32·0 (95 % CI 30·5, 33·5) % in 2015c. In 2015c, the adjusted odds of risk of overweight at 24 months were increased 1·66 and 1·50 times with the early introduction of fresh/powdered milk: plus water, tea or juice, and plus semi-solid/solid food groups, respectively. It is essential to reinforce the adherence to global recommendations on timely feeding introduction and encourage exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months of age to prevent child overweight.

Fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality in the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort and associated factors.

This study aimed to describe fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality and associated factors in participants of the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. The child mortality sub-study followed up all deaths in the first year of life. Data were collected on intrauterine fetal deaths (weight ≥ 500g and/or gestational age ≥ 20 weeks), neonatal deaths (< 28 days of life), and post-neonatal deaths (from 28 days to the end of the first year of life). Descriptive analyses using the Pearson chi-square test and a multinomial logistic regression to estimate the risk of fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths compared to live infants in the cohort (reference group) were performed. Data from 4,329 eligible births were collected, of which 54 died during the fetal period. Of the 4,275 eligible live births, 59 died in the first year of life. An association between fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths (OR = 15.60, 7.63, and 5.51 respectively) was found, as well as less than six prenatal consultations. Compared to live infants, fetal deaths were more likely to occur in non-white mothers, and neonatal deaths were 14.09 times more likely to occur in a preterm gestational age (< 37 weeks). Compared to live infants, infants that were born in a C-section delivery had 3.71 increased odds of post-neonatal death. Additionally, neonatal deaths were 102.37 times more likely to have a low Apgar score on the fifth minute after birth. These findings show the need for early interventions during pregnancy, ensuring access to adequate prenatal care.

Fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality in the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort and associated factors / Mortalidade fetal, neonatal e pós-neonatal e fatores associados na coorte de nascimentos de 2015 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Mortalidad fetal, neonatal y postneonatal en la cohorte de nacimientos en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2015, y sus factores asociados

This study aimed to describe fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality and associated factors in participants of the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. The child mortality sub-study followed up all deaths in the first year of life. Data were collected on intrauterine fetal deaths (weight ≥ 500g and/or gestational age ≥ 20 weeks), neonatal deaths (< 28 days of life), and post-neonatal deaths (from 28 days to the end of the first year of life). Descriptive analyses using the Pearson chi-square test and a multinomial logistic regression to estimate the risk of fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths compared to live infants in the cohort (reference group) were performed. Data from 4,329 eligible births were collected, of which 54 died during the fetal period. Of the 4,275 eligible live births, 59 died in the first year of life. An association between fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths (OR = 15.60, 7.63, and 5.51 respectively) was found, as well as less than six prenatal consultations. Compared to live infants, fetal deaths were more likely to occur in non-white mothers, and neonatal deaths were 14.09 times more likely to occur in a preterm gestational age (< 37 weeks). Compared to live infants, infants that were born in a C-section delivery had 3.71 increased odds of post-neonatal death. Additionally, neonatal deaths were 102.37 times more likely to have a low Apgar score on the fifth minute after birth. These findings show the need for early interventions during pregnancy, ensuring access to adequate prenatal care.

O estudo teve como objetivo descrever a mortalidade fetal, neonatal e pós-neonatal e fatores associados em participantes da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Brasil, de 2015. O sub-estudo sobre mortalidade infantil acompanhou todos os óbitos no primeiro ano de vida. Foram coletados os dados sobre natimortos (com peso ao nascer ≥ 500g e/ou idade gestacional ≥ 20 semanas), óbitos neonatais (< 28 dias de vida) e óbitos pós-neonatais (entre 28 dias e o final do primeiro ano de vida). Foram realizadas análises descritivas com o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson e regressão logística multinominal para estimar o risco de morte fetal, neonatal e pós-neonatal, comparado com as crianças vivas na coorte (grupo de referência). Foram coletados os dados de 4.329 nascimentos elegíveis, dos quais 54 natimortos. Dos 4.275 nascidos vivos elegíveis, 59 faleceram no primeiro ano de vida. A análise mostrou uma associação entre morte fetal, neonatal e pós-neonatal (OR = 15,60, 7,63 e 5,51, respectivamente) e menos de seis consultas de pré-natal. Quando comparados aos nascidos vivos, os natimortos apresentaram maior probabilidade de ter mãe não-branca, e o óbito neonatal mostrou probabilidade 14,09 vezes maior de ocorrer com prematuridade (idade gestacional < 37 semanas). Crianças nascidas por cesariana mostraram probabilidade 3,71 vezes maior de óbito pós-neonatal. Além disso, os óbitos neonatais mostraram probabilidade 102,37 maior de Apgar baixo no quinto minuto. Os achados mostram a necessidade de intervenções precoces durante a gravidez para poder garantir uma assistência pré-natal adequada.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la mortalidad fetal, neonatal y postneonatal, así como sus factores asociados, en participantes de una cohorte de nacimientos en Pelotas, Brasil, durante 2015. La mortalidad infantil se siguió mediante un sub-estudio de todas las muertes durante el primer año de vida. Se recogieron datos de muertes intrauterinas fetales (peso al nacer ≥ 500g y/o edad gestacional ≥ 20 semanas), muertes neonatales (< 28 días de vida), y muertes postneonatales (desde los 28 días hasta el primer año de vida). Se usaron análisis descriptivos usando el test chi-cuadrado de Pearson y se realizó una regresión logística multinomial para estimar el riesgo de las muertes fetales, neonatales y postneonatales, comparadas con los niños vivos en la cohorte (grupo de referencia). Se recogieron datos de 4.329 nacimientos elegibles de los que 54 murieron durante el periodo fetal. De los 4.275 nacimientos vivos elegibles, 59 murieron durante el primer año de vida. Se estableció una asociación entre las muertes fetales, neonatales y postneonatales (OR = 15,60; 7,63 y 5,51, respectivamente) y contar con menos de seis consultas prenatales. Cuando se comparan con los niños vivos, las muertes fetales tenían una probabilidad mayor si contaban con una madre que no fuera blanca, además, había más de 14,09 veces más probabilidades de que se produjeran con una edad gestacional pretérmino (< 37 semanas). Cuando lo comparamos con los niños vivos, los niños que nacieron en la sección de partos por cesárea tuvieron una oportunidad 3,71 superior de muerte postneonatal. Asimismo, las muertes neonatales fueron 102,37 veces más propensas de tener un bajo Apgar en el quinto minuto tras el nacimiento. Estos resultados mostraron la necesidad de intervenciones tempranas durante el embarazo, asegurando el acceso a un cuidado prenatal adecuado.

Is intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen associated with emotional and hyperactivity problems during childhood? Findings from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal studies have consistently reported that prenatal exposure to acetaminophen can to lead to an increased risk of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder during childhood. This study aimed to investigate the association between intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen and the presence of emotional and behavioral problems at the ages of 6 and 11 years in a low-middle income country. METHODS: We performed a prospective longitudinal population-based study using data from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort. From the 4231 initial cohort participants, 3722 and 3566 children were assessed at 6 and 11 years of age, respectively. The outcomes were assessed using the parent version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The cut-off points established for the Brazilian population were used to categorize the outcomes. Crude and adjusted odds ratio were obtained through logistic regression. RESULTS: Acetaminophen was used by 27.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26.1-28.9) of the mothers at least once during pregnancy. The prevalence of emotional problems at 6 and 11 years was 13.6 and 19.9%, respectively. For hyperactivity problems, prevalence was 13.9 and 16.1%, respectively. Intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen increased the odds of having emotional (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.07-2.02) and hyperactivity/inattention (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.06-1.92) problems in 6-year-old boys. At the age of 11, a small decrease in the effect was observed for both outcomes after adjustment: OR = 1.31 (95% CI: 0.99-1.73) for emotional problems and OR = 1.25 (95% CI: 0.95-1.65) for hyperactivity/inattention in boys. No association for any phenotypes at both ages was observed for girls. CONCLUSION: The effect of intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen in emotional and hyperactivity symptoms was dependent on sex in a Brazilian cohort. While it seemed to be important for boys, mainly at 6 years of age, for girls, no association was observed.

Uso de indicadores antropométricos para avaliação da adiposidade corporal em idosos no sul do Brasil / Using of the anthropometrics indicators to evaluate of body adiposity in the elderly in Southern Brazil

Introdução: A composição corporal e sua distribuição sofrem mudanças conforme a idade. Por isso, avaliar o uso de indicadores antropométricos para avaliação da adiposidade corporal em idosos é de extrema importância. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com 108 idosos cadastrados em 11 unidades básicas de saúde do município de Pelotas-RS integrantes da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Para a avaliação nutricional, foram aferidos: altura, peso, circunferência da cintura e circunferência do quadril. O percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) foi verificado por bioimpedância (BIA) e pelo índice de Adiposidade Corporal (IAC) calculado conforme proposto por Bergman et al. Resultados: Os idosos apresentaram médias %GC, verificado pelos dois indicadores BIA e IAC, acima do recomendado (38,5 e 35,6, respectivamente). Conclusão: São necessárias mudanças no estilo de vida destes idosos, incentivando o consumo alimentar saudável e a pratica de atividade física.